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Monday, December 8, 2014
Reflection - Partition
Identify and evaluate the causes and consequences of the partition of India. Be sure to identify course themes in your response (ex. imperialism, agency, interdependence, globalization, etc.)
Causes: the All-India Muslim League wanted a separate state. They wanted this to ensure that Muslims had enough rights in Indian society, and the India National Congress opposed this division.
Consequences: an arbitrary boundary split up communities and families. Many people migrated so they would live in the state the corresponded to their religion. Violence broke out on these migrations and .5 million were killed. The conflict over princely states like Kashmir is still here today. Pakistan is an Islamic State and India is secular and democratic. This affected the current international view of these countries, even though their culture is very similar historically. Another result is nationalism on the terms of religion. For example, the BJP is a Hindu nationalist organization. Another result is a difference between India and Pakistan. India received better farmlands, industrial development, and infrastructure. This affected the current development. Another result is the wars between India and Pakistan. They were fought partially over Kashmir, but the competition between these two states caused both to get nuclear weapons. This is a threat to the international community because of failed nonproliferation.
Imperialism - the partition was a result of British rule. The British viceroy was an imperial governor. If India had governed itself, there would have been a lesser chance of an arbitrary boundary.
The British government wished to take advantage of existing ethnic rivalries. After years under British imperialism where Hindus were favored and Muslims lived in poverty with little political influence, Muslims like Jinnah of the All-Indian Muslim league, believed that Muslims could never be treated fairly under a Hindu majority. After major violence between the two groups, Britain decided to divide India into Pakistan, dominated by Muslims, and India, dominated by Hindus. The act of gaining this independence demonstrates the agency that both Muslims and Hindus possessed. However, since Britain divided the two states arbitrarily and with no regard for Indians, mass migration took place, causing half a million deaths as the two groups clashed. Even today, the two countries still fight over the territory of Kashmir.
British imperialism over India led to a period of British rule over the land that now encompasses India and Pakistan. Muslims and Hindus lived together in one country, India. The British, however, influenced these groups to provoke intolerance, because if these groups were busy fighting each other, they wouldn't be able to fight the British. When the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Hindus, the Muslim population began to worry that their sense of agency would be taken away from them. So, the Muslims also created a group, the All India Muslim League, which would advocate for the Muslims in India. When the Indian National Congress would not give the All India Muslim League its demands, Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated that the only way to settle the conflict was to create two separate states. A British man, Louis Mountbatten drew the new borders between India and Pakistan, but these borders did not take into account the ethnic and religious groups that they were dividing. The arbitrary borders led to one of the largest mass migrations in history. More than 12 million people left their homes to live on the side of the border that applied to them, and roughly half a million people died due to the partition in only six months. Pakistan, which was west of the border was an Islamic state, and India was a secular state. Pakistan was left with only agriculture as a resource while India got everything else, such as industry. So, Pakistan was unstable and poor without the land that it once relied on in India. Overall, the impact of partition was that half a million people died, many lost their homes, and it created two separate states.
Partition is the separation of India into two states, an Islamic state and a secular democracy with a Hindu majority. Factors that led up to partition in India were; how Hindu's were favored over Muslims during British rule and that British favored the "rivalries" between the two groups (because it is easier to defeat a divided enemy). Some consequences of partition in India were mass migrations, with violent clashes, where it is estimated that about a half a million deaths as a direct result of partition. In addition, lasting impacts of partition are the conflict over Kashmir and wars between Pakistan and India (both equipped with nuclear weapons). Overall partition has resulted in limited agency for the people as well as interdependence towards (ex. Hindu or Muslim) one's own "group".
Causes of the Partition of India: - The British overthrew the Mughal dynasty, which had promoted religious tolerance and coexistence over the centuries, causing some turmoil between religious groups like the Hindus and Muslims. - The British created rivalries between Hindus and Muslims by incorporating Hindus into their policies and excluding the Muslims, who already disliked Britain. - Muslims were generally treated poorly in India before the split.] - Following India's independence from Britain, Muslims wanted to be equally represented and to have equal agency, and the only way All-India Muslim League Leader Jinnah could see this happening was if Muslims were granted their own independent state.
Consequences of the Partition of India: - Pakistan was created. - 12 million people migrated to the state of their choice. - A half million people died in the ensuing violence between individuals of the migrating religions.
Course themes: Colonialism - the British force that disrupted religious peace in India Agency - control of one's own destiny, which is what the Muslims wanted Nationalism - seen with the founding of both the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League
The partition of India stemmed from aggression of British imperialistic rule in India. The Indian National Congress united Indians from all religions in their struggle against British rule. They wanted to have more say in the governing of India. But when it became apparent that this would not happen, the goal became complete independence from Great Britain. The All-India Muslim League advocated for the Muslim population in India. They were afraid that they would not be fairly represented in a Hindu country when Britain left. League leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah concluded that a separate nation was the only option. They wanted to create a Muslim country called Pakistan. After World War II, Britain was ready to grant India independence. Jinnah and the league wanted to ensure that an independent Pakistan was non-negotiable and they organized boycotts and strikes in Calcutta which led to mass violence. In the end they were able to convince Britain that India was on the brink of civil war. Britain drew the partition line or "arbitrary boundary", known as the "Radcliffe Line", with outdated maps and did not take in consideration communities and religion. It also left India with more natural resources and farmland than Pakistan, resulting in a poor developed state. The partition led to the largest migration in history. More than 12 million people abandoned their home and at least half a million died. Since the partition, India and Pakistan have held distaste for each other. For instance, the princedom of Kashmir has had three wars fought over it. In conclusion, the partition, drawn with an arbitrary boundary, has resulted in ongoing violence between Pakistan and India.
The causes of partition in India would be that All-India Muslim League wanted a state that would be solely for Muslims. They did this in order to receive the rights that they were not receiving in India. The immediate consequences would be mass migrations which caused violent clashes between the Hindus and Muslims that resulted in an estimated half a million deaths. Also, there is still conflict over Kashmir, causing a war between India and Pakistan, who both possess nuclear weapons. This is a threat worldwide because if they decide to use these weapons on each other, it could cause mass destruction. Another thing would be that India received the better part of the land, and received more agricultural land, infrastructure, and industries. This allowed for India to advance faster than Pakistan, and for Pakistan to be impoverished for longer. This all relates back to imperialism because it was a British man who created the boundaries that neither side completely agreed on.
The cause of the partition was that the British wanted to take advantage of ethnic conflicts. They saw the tension between the Muslims and Hindus, so they turned the two against each other and tried to use that break to split up India. The consequences of the partition were mass migrations, violent clashes, half a million deaths, conflict over Kashmir, wars between India and Pakistan, nationalism, unequal lands between the two countries and an arbitrary border.
Muslims felt that Hindus were being favored in India and that they were being treated poorly. Once India gained independence from Britain, Muslims want to have more of an influence in India and to have a say in how they are treated. Muhammed Jinnah could not picture this happen peacefully, and suggested that Muslims have their own state. So, Muslims were their own independent state, which is modern day Pakistan. After the partition, there was a mass migration of people to and from India and Pakistan. Also, 1/2 million people died from this partition and its migration.
One of the causes for partition was that the Hindus were favored over the Muslims by the British. The British encouraged these rivalries because it was easier to defeat a divided "enemy". Indian nationalists, such as Nehru from the INC and Jinnah from the All-India Muslim League, led the charge in the revolt against British rule. The consequences of the partition were that a British viceroy drew arbitrary boundaries which caused mass migrations, violent clashes, and about 1/2 million deaths. Today, there are still wars between Pakistan and India and conflict over Kashmir.
One cause of the partition was that the Hindus were favored over Muslims during British rule. The British greatly encouraged rivalries because it was much easier to defeat a divided competitor. The consequences of the partition was mass migrations, violent clashes, and an estimated one half million casualties. The impacts were the conflict of Kashmir, wars with India and Pakistan, a continuation of nationalism.
Causes: the All-India Muslim League wanted a separate state. They wanted this to ensure that Muslims had enough rights in Indian society, and the India National Congress opposed this division.
ReplyDeleteConsequences: an arbitrary boundary split up communities and families. Many people migrated so they would live in the state the corresponded to their religion. Violence broke out on these migrations and .5 million were killed. The conflict over princely states like Kashmir is still here today. Pakistan is an Islamic State and India is secular and democratic. This affected the current international view of these countries, even though their culture is very similar historically. Another result is nationalism on the terms of religion. For example, the BJP is a Hindu nationalist organization. Another result is a difference between India and Pakistan. India received better farmlands, industrial development, and infrastructure. This affected the current development. Another result is the wars between India and Pakistan. They were fought partially over Kashmir, but the competition between these two states caused both to get nuclear weapons. This is a threat to the international community because of failed nonproliferation.
Imperialism - the partition was a result of British rule. The British viceroy was an imperial governor. If India had governed itself, there would have been a lesser chance of an arbitrary boundary.
The British government wished to take advantage of existing ethnic rivalries. After years under British imperialism where Hindus were favored and Muslims lived in poverty with little political influence, Muslims like Jinnah of the All-Indian Muslim league, believed that Muslims could never be treated fairly under a Hindu majority. After major violence between the two groups, Britain decided to divide India into Pakistan, dominated by Muslims, and India, dominated by Hindus. The act of gaining this independence demonstrates the agency that both Muslims and Hindus possessed. However, since Britain divided the two states arbitrarily and with no regard for Indians, mass migration took place, causing half a million deaths as the two groups clashed. Even today, the two countries still fight over the territory of Kashmir.
ReplyDeleteBritish imperialism over India led to a period of British rule over the land that now encompasses India and Pakistan. Muslims and Hindus lived together in one country, India. The British, however, influenced these groups to provoke intolerance, because if these groups were busy fighting each other, they wouldn't be able to fight the British. When the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Hindus, the Muslim population began to worry that their sense of agency would be taken away from them. So, the Muslims also created a group, the All India Muslim League, which would advocate for the Muslims in India. When the Indian National Congress would not give the All India Muslim League its demands, Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated that the only way to settle the conflict was to create two separate states. A British man, Louis Mountbatten drew the new borders between India and Pakistan, but these borders did not take into account the ethnic and religious groups that they were dividing. The arbitrary borders led to one of the largest mass migrations in history. More than 12 million people left their homes to live on the side of the border that applied to them, and roughly half a million people died due to the partition in only six months. Pakistan, which was west of the border was an Islamic state, and India was a secular state. Pakistan was left with only agriculture as a resource while India got everything else, such as industry. So, Pakistan was unstable and poor without the land that it once relied on in India. Overall, the impact of partition was that half a million people died, many lost their homes, and it created two separate states.
ReplyDeletePartition is the separation of India into two states, an Islamic state and a secular democracy with a Hindu majority. Factors that led up to partition in India were; how Hindu's were favored over Muslims during British rule and that British favored the "rivalries" between the two groups (because it is easier to defeat a divided enemy). Some consequences of partition in India were mass migrations, with violent clashes, where it is estimated that about a half a million deaths as a direct result of partition. In addition, lasting impacts of partition are the conflict over Kashmir and wars between Pakistan and India (both equipped with nuclear weapons). Overall partition has resulted in limited agency for the people as well as interdependence towards (ex. Hindu or Muslim) one's own "group".
ReplyDeleteCauses of the Partition of India:
ReplyDelete- The British overthrew the Mughal dynasty, which had promoted religious tolerance and coexistence over the centuries, causing some turmoil between religious groups like the Hindus and Muslims.
- The British created rivalries between Hindus and Muslims by incorporating Hindus into their policies and excluding the Muslims, who already disliked Britain.
- Muslims were generally treated poorly in India before the split.]
- Following India's independence from Britain, Muslims wanted to be equally represented and to have equal agency, and the only way All-India Muslim League Leader Jinnah could see this happening was if Muslims were granted their own independent state.
Consequences of the Partition of India:
- Pakistan was created.
- 12 million people migrated to the state of their choice.
- A half million people died in the ensuing violence between individuals of the migrating religions.
Course themes:
DeleteColonialism - the British force that disrupted religious peace in India
Agency - control of one's own destiny, which is what the Muslims wanted
Nationalism - seen with the founding of both the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League
The partition of India stemmed from aggression of British imperialistic rule in India. The Indian National Congress united Indians from all religions in their struggle against British rule. They wanted to have more say in the governing of India. But when it became apparent that this would not happen, the goal became complete independence from Great Britain. The All-India Muslim League advocated for the Muslim population in India. They were afraid that they would not be fairly represented in a Hindu country when Britain left. League leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah concluded that a separate nation was the only option. They wanted to create a Muslim country called Pakistan. After World War II, Britain was ready to grant India independence. Jinnah and the league wanted to ensure that an independent Pakistan was non-negotiable and they organized boycotts and strikes in Calcutta which led to mass violence. In the end they were able to convince Britain that India was on the brink of civil war. Britain drew the partition line or "arbitrary boundary", known as the "Radcliffe Line", with outdated maps and did not take in consideration communities and religion. It also left India with more natural resources and farmland than Pakistan, resulting in a poor developed state. The partition led to the largest migration in history. More than 12 million people abandoned their home and at least half a million died. Since the partition, India and Pakistan have held distaste for each other. For instance, the princedom of Kashmir has had three wars fought over it. In conclusion, the partition, drawn with an arbitrary boundary, has resulted in ongoing violence between Pakistan and India.
ReplyDeleteThe causes of partition in India would be that All-India Muslim League wanted a state that would be solely for Muslims. They did this in order to receive the rights that they were not receiving in India. The immediate consequences would be mass migrations which caused violent clashes between the Hindus and Muslims that resulted in an estimated half a million deaths. Also, there is still conflict over Kashmir, causing a war between India and Pakistan, who both possess nuclear weapons. This is a threat worldwide because if they decide to use these weapons on each other, it could cause mass destruction. Another thing would be that India received the better part of the land, and received more agricultural land, infrastructure, and industries. This allowed for India to advance faster than Pakistan, and for Pakistan to be impoverished for longer. This all relates back to imperialism because it was a British man who created the boundaries that neither side completely agreed on.
ReplyDeleteThe cause of the partition was that the British wanted to take advantage of ethnic conflicts. They saw the tension between the Muslims and Hindus, so they turned the two against each other and tried to use that break to split up India. The consequences of the partition were mass migrations, violent clashes, half a million deaths, conflict over Kashmir, wars between India and Pakistan, nationalism, unequal lands between the two countries and an arbitrary border.
ReplyDeleteMuslims felt that Hindus were being favored in India and that they were being treated poorly. Once India gained independence from Britain, Muslims want to have more of an influence in India and to have a say in how they are treated. Muhammed Jinnah could not picture this happen peacefully, and suggested that Muslims have their own state. So, Muslims were their own independent state, which is modern day Pakistan. After the partition, there was a mass migration of people to and from India and Pakistan. Also, 1/2 million people died from this partition and its migration.
ReplyDeleteOne of the causes for partition was that the Hindus were favored over the Muslims by the British. The British encouraged these rivalries because it was easier to defeat a divided "enemy". Indian nationalists, such as Nehru from the INC and Jinnah from the All-India Muslim League, led the charge in the revolt against British rule. The consequences of the partition were that a British viceroy drew arbitrary boundaries which caused mass migrations, violent clashes, and about 1/2 million deaths. Today, there are still wars between Pakistan and India and conflict over Kashmir.
ReplyDeleteOne cause of the partition was that the Hindus were favored over Muslims during British rule. The British greatly encouraged rivalries because it was much easier to defeat a divided competitor. The consequences of the partition was mass migrations, violent clashes, and an estimated one half million casualties. The impacts were the conflict of Kashmir, wars with India and Pakistan, a continuation of nationalism.
ReplyDelete